1.Transverse flute of the Middle Ages was constructed of a single piece of wood, 1500.   

a.Primary scale of D Major

b.Known as the fife

c.Finger holes

2.1600s, Jean Hotteterre redesigned the Baroque flute

a.Addition of the D# key

b.Based on the D Major scale

c.Three sections, foot joint housed D# key

d.Changed bore from cylindrical to conical- finger holes closer together

e.Two-octave instrument

f.Quantz was one of the most famous flutists/flute makers/flute teachers/composers of flute music at the time.

g.Frederik the Great

3.Late 1700s, flute makers added more keys with the introduction of equal temperament. Sluggish mechanism.

4.1800s, flute makers separated into two schools: those that wanted to preserve the traditional system and those who wanted to start fresh.

5.The Boehm Flute

a.Boehm was a flutist and goldsmith

b.He enlarged the tone holes- this ensured easy and in tune high notes and made the instrument more acoustically correct.

c.He added keys to cover the tone holes.

d.He concluded that cylindrical bore was more conducive to the production of the harmonic components or partials of the flute tone.

e.He added a parabolic curve to the head joint.

f.He adjusted the size of the embouchure hole- made it larger and shaped like a rectangle with rounded corners.

g.He designed pads under the keys.

h.He experimented with different materials and concluded that silver produced the best tone.

6.More recent additions to the Boehm Flute

a.Split E Mechanism

b.C# trill key

c.Different types of pads

d.Head joints