Explain, define, or identify 8 of the following 10 items (note: usually the question can be answered in 6 sentences or less):

1/ A major assessment of socioeconomic welfare (other than GNP per capita in US dollars at the prevailing exchange rate) that could be used in comparing countries, and its advantages and disadvantages

2/ Lewis's explanation for the early expansion of the industrial capitalist sector -

3/ Adelman and Morris's explanation for the Kuznets curve -

4/ Strategies needed to prevent agricultural development policies from reducing agricultural incomes through reduced agricultural terms of trade -

5/ Foreign trade and exchange rate policies part of the Japanese development model -

6/ New endogenous growth theory's critique of neoclassical theory -

7/ Baran's explanation for weaknesses of New-Deal-type regimes in developing countries -

8/ Policies concerning non-human asset redistribution to reduce poverty and income inequality in non-socialist developing countries -

9/ Difference between the headcount and income-gap approaches to measuring poverty and deprivation -

10/ Difference in the behavior of peasant farmers and commercial farmers -

Write on 2 of the following questions:

1/ Nigeria has a total fertility rate of 6.5 (a birth rate of 45 per 1000) and a death rate of 15 per thousand. Taiwan has a total fertility rate of 1.7 (a birth rate of 15 per 1000) and a death rate of 6 per thousand. Do the differences in this demographic picture have implications for the economic development and growth of Taiwan and Nigeria? Discuss.

2/ Frank Harbison believes that "Education is primarily a screening device for jobs and does not increase productivity in developing countries." Discuss and evaluate Harbison's statement, and indicate the implications of your discussion and evaluation for educational policies in developing countries.

3/ Theodore Panayotou contends that "Ultimately, excessive environmental damage can be traced to 'bad' economics stemming from misguided government policies and distorted markets." Discuss what Panayotou means by this statement, how accurate his view is, and what the policy implications of this view are. Give examples of misguided government policies and distorted markets, and the reasons for these policies and markets.

Write on 3 of the following questions:

1. Using national income equations, show three ways of explaining an inflow of capital from abroad and three ways of explaining repaying later on for the capital inflow. Discuss.

2. Discuss the nature and origins of southeast and east Asia's (for example, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and South Korea) recent external debt crisis. 3. Using a well-labeled graph, indicate the costs to a developing country of that country's overvalued domestic currency. Discuss. [Well-labeled means that you need to use words for all concepts used in the graph or you need a key to define explicitly all symbols that you use.]

4. Indicate the major sources of inflation in developing countries. What is the empirical relationship between inflation and growth? Discuss.

Write on #1, and 3 of the 4 remaining questions, that is, three from questions 2-5:

1. Discuss the causes of Russia's slow growth and other problems of transition, from 1991 to the present. Also discuss the extent to which countries in Africa and Asia making a transition to a market economy face similar problems.

2. Discuss the policies that you think are most effective in reducing rural poverty and inequality in developing countries.

3. What advice would you give to the top official in the Department of Education in a developing country who is designing a program of education and training in his or her country? Discuss.

4. Discuss whether a shortage of natural resources will limit economic growth in the next half century, especially in developing countries.

5. Indicate, discuss, and evaluate the role of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in spurring economic growth and attaining external equilibria in developing countries.