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Chemical Carcinogen Safety
PREFACE
Every precaution should be taken to prevent
inadvertent exposure of personnel and the environment to carcinogens.
These rules have been prepared to protect laboratory workers and their
experiments from inadvertent exposure to chemical carcinogens, as well
as to minimize the hazard to the community. These rules set forth
general safety principles that are to be followed in the handling,
storage, and disposal of chemical carcinogens. These rules outline a
safety and health plan for the handling of carcinogens or potential
carcinogens. Facilities should be available for safe research with
chemical carcinogens.
______________________________
Jon Wefald
President
Environmental Health &
Safety Committee
John P. Lambert, Chairman
Richard Faw
Steven Galitzer
Ted Hopkins
John Kent
Robert Klemm
Joe Paukstelis
Mark Taussig
Robert Tout
Robert Hicklin, Student-at-large
Dorothy Thompson, ex officio
Ad Hoc Committee for Chemical
Carcinogen Safety
Steven Galitzer
Terry Johnson
Samuel Kruckenberg
Robert Lowman
Dolores Takemoto
I. THE CATEGORIES OF RISK
There are situations where the risk from chemical
carcinogens is greater or less depending on the quantity, the chemical
properties, or the intended operations. High risk situations are those
that involve the use of a known highly potent chemical carcinogen,
large quantities of chemical carcinogens, use of compounds with high
vapor pressure, or complex procedures that have a high potential for
aerosol production or contamination. Operations such as blending,
preparation of dry feed mixtures, or manipulation of powders are high
risk situations. In low risk situations, the minimum safeguards are
strict adherence to good laboratory practices. Personnel whose medical
condition, such as depressed immune response, or steroid/cytotoxic drug
treatment, may make them unusually susceptible to the possible harmful
effects of a carcinogen must be excluded from any area where accidental
exposure might occur. Fertile men or women, or pregnant women may be at
greater risk than others since many carcinogens are also mutagens or
teratogens.
II. PERSONNEL
A. Laboratory and Animal Care Personnel. Must wear
a fully fastened laboratory coat and appropriate gloves. Clean clothing
shall be provided daily and shall not be worn outside the work area
once the work area has been entered. Contaminated clothing shall be
decontaminated or disposed of immediately after an overt exposure.
B. Clothing. Fully fastened labcoat or disposable
coveralls should be worn over street clothing for low risk work.
Personnel working with high risk chemical carcinogens should wear
full-length coveralls constructed of chemical resistant and particle
impervious spunbonded olefin (Tyvek®) with
elastic cuffs at ankles and wrists. Disposable clothing is recommended
to prevent accidental contamination of uninformed personnel.
C. Protective Equipment. Personnel engaged in
procedures where exposure to airborne particulates contaminated with
chemical carcinogens could occur (i.e., a high risk situation) shall
wear an appropriate respirator as determined by the Environmental
Health & Safety Committee. The respirator shall not be worn outside
the work area. Used filters shall be replaced and the respirator
housing shall be decontaminated after use. See the RESPIRATOR PROGRAM
AT KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY concerning the use of respirators. Copies of
the rule are available upon request.
D. Showers. Personnel engaged in procedures where
exposure to air borne particulates contaminated with chemical
carcinogens could occur (i.e., a high risk situation) are recommended
to shower after each exit form the work area. All personnel should
shower immediately after any overt exposure to a chemical carcinogen.
E. Eating, Drinking, and Smoking. There shall be
no eating, drinking, smoking, chewing of gum or tobacco, using
smokeless tobacco, application of cosmetics, or storage of food in
areas where chemical carcinogens are used.
F. Pipetting. Oral pipetting shall be prohibited.
Mechanical pipetting aids shall be used for all pipetting procedures.
G. Personal Hygiene. All personnel shall wash
their hands immediately after completion of any procedures in which
chemical carcinogens have been used.
III. WORK PRACTICES
A. Work Area Identification. Entrances to all work
and storage areas where chemical carcinogens are present shall be
posted with signs bearing the legend:
DANGER - CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN
Authorized Personnel Only
Work and storage areas shall be entered only by
personnel authorized by the research director.
B. Work Surfaces. All work surfaces on which
chemical carcinogens are used shall be covered with stainless steel
trays, plastic trays, uncracked glass plates, dry absorbent
plastic-backed paper, or other impervious material. Immediately after
use, the contaminated surface shall be decontaminated or disposed of as
is appropriate.
C. Use of Laboratory Hoods. Procedures shall be
conducted in a laboratory hood or other suitable containment device
when:
1. The procedure involves the use of volatile
chemical carcinogens.
2. The procedure results in the generation of
aerosols, such as from the opening of closed vessels, transfer
operations, weighing, preparation of feed mixtures, and the
application, injection, and intubation of a chemical carcinogen to
experimental animals.
Each laboratory hood or containment device used
for containment of chemical carcinogens shall display a label bearing
the legend:
DANGER - CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN
D. Working Quantities. Minimum working quantities
of chemical carcinogens shall be present in a work area.
E. Identification, Storage, and Inventory.
1. Labeling. Storage vessels containing chemical
carcinogens shall be labeled:
DANGER - CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN
2. Storage. Stock quantities of chemical
carcinogens shall be catalogued and stored in a specific storage area
that is secured at all times.
3. Inventory. An inventory of all chemical
carcinogens shall be maintained by the research Director. The inventory
records shall include the quantities of chemical carcinogens acquired,
dates of acquisition, and disposition.
F. Laboratory Transport.
1. Stock quantities of chemical carcinogens shall
be transported using and unbreakable outer container.
2. Contaminated materials that are transferred
from work areas to disposal areas shall be placed into separate closed,
plastic bags, or other suitable impermeable and sealed container for
each carcinogen and labeled with both the name of the carcinogen and
"DANGER - CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN", before being transported.
G. Housekeeping. Wet mopping or vacuuming with a
HEPA filter equipped vacuum cleaner shall be used. Dry sweeping and dry
mopping are prohibited. In those instances where a carcinogen is
spilled, special procedures shall be followed.
H. Protection of Vacuum Lines. Each vacuum service
shall be protected with a disposable HEPA filter an liquid trap to
prevent entry of any chemical carcinogen into the vacuum system. When
using a volatile carcinogen ,a separate vacuum pump or other device
shall be used in conjunction with an appropriate laboratory hood or
other approved containment device.
I. Decontamination and Disposal.
1. Spills and decontamination. Chemical
carcinogens which have spilled and constitute a hazard shall be
inactivated in situ or absorbed for subsequent disposal.
2. Disposal. Contaminated wastes, cleaning
devices, animal waste, and animal carcasses shall be collected in
impermeable containers, which are closed prior to removal from the work
areas, and disposed of by incineration or approved burial.
J. Animal Housing. Animals shall be housed in a
cage that confined feed, feces, urine, and bedding within the
enclosure. For non-volatile carcinogens, use of a cage with solid sides
and bottom in conjunction with a filter top is recommended. When using
a volatile chemical carcinogen the cage must be used in conjunction
with appropriate ventilation systems. alternative animal housing
methods shall require approval by the Animal Care Committee.
IV. LABORATORY HOODS AND EXHAUST AIR TREATMENT
A. Laboratory Hoods.
1. Open face hoods, such as a chemical fume hood,
shall have an average linear face velocity of 100 feet per minute. The
minimum air velocity at any point in the face of the fully opened hood
shall not be less than 85 feet per minute.
2. Glove boxes shall be kept under negative air
pressure of 0.5 inches water gauge with respect to the space in which
they are located.
3. Laminar flow biological safety cabinets may be
used for the containment of in vitro procedures involving the use of
chemical carcinogens provided that:
a. The exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide
an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet equal to 100 feet
per minute times the face opening area;
b. Contaminated air plenums that are under
positive air pressure are leak tight;
c. The cabinet exhaust air is discharged outdoors.
B. Exhaust Air Treatment.
1. The exhaust air form laboratory type hoods and
other ventilated containment devices shall be appropriately treated by
filtration, reaction, absorption, adsorption, incineration, or
dilution, so that the concentration of any chemical carcinogen or
combination of chemical carcinogens in the final effluent which is
discharged outdoors shall not exceed 1 ppb or natural background
levels, whichever is greater.
2. Exhaust air treatment systems that remove
chemical carcinogens from the exhaust air by collection mechanisms such
as filtration, absorption, and adsorption shall be operated in a manner
that permits maintenance so as to avoid direct contact with the
collection medium.
C. Performance Certification. Performance of
laboratory hoods and exhaust air treatment systems shall be checked at
least annually by the Department of Public Safety.
V. FACILITIES
A. General exhaust air from work areas shall be
discharged outdoors and dispersed to the atmosphere so as to prevent
re-entry into the facility. No recirculation of exhaust air from work
areas is permitted.
B. Air pressure in work areas shall be kept under
negative air pressure with respect to the access corridor. For
facilities where work areas have "clean" access corridors and "dirty"
egress corridors, the "dirty" egress corridor shall be kept under
negative air pressure with respect to the work area.
C. Clothing change rooms and showers are
recommended.
VI. REFERENCES
Dornhoffer, M.K. (1986). Handling Chemical
Carcinogens: A Safety Guide for the Laboratory Researcher. Chemsyn
Science Laboratories, Lenexa, Kansas.
National Cancer Institute (1976). Safety Standards
for Research Involving Chemical Carcinogens. DHEW Publ #NIH-76-900.
Nesnow, S., et al, (1980). Proc. 2nd Symposium on
Application of Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex
Environmental Mixtures. Williamsburg, VA.
OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health
Administration) (1986). Health and Safety Standards; Occupational
Exposures to Toxic Substances in Laboratories; Proposed Rule (29 CFR
1910.1450). Federal Register, July 24, 1986.
Slaga, T. J. (1984). Mechanisms Involved in
Two-Stage Carcinogenesis in Mouse Skin. In: T. J. Slaga, ed.,
Mechanisma of Tumor Promotion, Vol 2, Tumor Promotion and Skin
Carcinogenesis. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Sontag, J.M., N.P. Page, U. Saffiotti (1976).
Guidelines for Carcinogen Bioassay in Small Rodents. National Cancer
Institute, DHEW Publ #NIH-76-801.
APPENDIX A
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS, POTENTIAL CARCINOGENS, AND TUMOR PROMOTERS
N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene
N-acetoxy-2-acetamidostilbene
N-acetoxy-4-acetamidobiphenyl
N-acetoxy-N-acetamidophenathrene
2-acetylaminofluorene
acrylonitrile
actinomycin D
adriamycin
aflatoxins
aldrin
alkanes (certain long chain ones)
allyl methylsulfonate
alpha, alpha-dichloromethyl methyl ether
anthralin
2-aminoanthraquinone
4-aminobiphenyl
1-amino-2-methylanthraquinone
amitrole
o-anisidine
o-anisidine hydrochloride
aramite
arsenic and certain arsenic compounds
asbestos
auramine (technical grade)
azathoprine
benz[a]anthracene
benzene
benzidine and benzidine based dyes
benzo[c]chrysene
benzo[b]fluoranthene
benzo[j]fluoranthene
benzo[k]fluoranthene
benzo[g,h,I]perylene
benzo[O]phenanthrene
benzo[a]pyrene
benzotrichloride
benzoyl peroxide
beryllium and certain beryllium compounds
N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine
bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU)
bischloromethyl ehter (BCME)
7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene
3-bromopropionic acid
1,3-butadiene
1,4-butanediol dimethane sulfonate
N-butyl-N-nitrosourethane
cadmium and certain cadmium compounds
carbon black
carbon tetrachloride
carrageenan (degraded)
chlorambucil
chloramphenicol
chloroacetone
1-(2-chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrocourea (CCNU)
chloroethylene oxide
chloroform
chloromethyl methyl ether (technical grade)
chlorophenols
chloroprene
chromium and certian chromium compounds
chrysarobin
chrysarobin
chrysene
cisplatin
citrus oils
coal gasification
coal liquifacation
coal-tar products
coal-tar pitch volatiles
coke oven emissions
coke production
conjugated estrogens
p-cresidine
croton oil
cupferron
cycasin
cyclophosphamide
dacarbazine
DDT
2,4-diaminoanisole and its salts
2,4-diaminotoluene
dibenz[a,h]acridine
dibenz[a,j]acridine
dibenz[a,h]athracene
7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
dibenzo[a,j]anthracenen
dibenzo[a,c]naphthacene
dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
dibenzo[a,h]pyrene
dibenzo[a,i]pyrene
dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
1,2-dibrom-3-chloropropane (DBCP)
3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and its salts
dieldrin
dienestrol
diepoxybutane
1,2,4,7-diepoxyhexane
1,2,4,5-diepoxypentane
di(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether (DGE)
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
diethyl sulfate
dihydroteleocidin B
3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine
4-dimethylaminoazobenzene
dimethylcarbamoyl chloride
1,1'-dimethyl hydrazine
dimethyl sulfate
1,4-dioxane
direct black 38, technical
direct blue 6, technical
direct brown 95, technical
epichlorohydrin
1,2-epoxybutyronitrile
estradiol-17B
estrone
ethinylestradiol
ethylene dibromide (EDB)
ethylene dichloride (EDC)
ethyleneimine
ethylene oxide
ethylene thiourea
ethyl methanesulfonate
1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea
euphorbia lattices (certain ones)
fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters (certain
ones)
1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
formaldehyde
2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide
glycidaldehyde
gyromitrin
hexachlorobenzene
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachloroethane
hexamethyl phosphoramide
hydrazine
hydrazine sulfate
hydrazobenzene
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachloroethane
N-hydroxy-2-aminoaphthalene
beta-hydroxy-1-ethylaziridine
ICR 170
ideno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
iodoacetic acid
iron dextran complex
kepone (chlordecone)
lead acetate
lead phosphate
lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexane isomers
malonaldehyde
melphalan
mestranol
7-methylbenz[a]anthracene
methyl bromide
methyl chloride
3-methylcholanthrene
5-methylchrysene
11-methylcyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one
4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA)
4,4'-methylenebis(n,n-dimethyl) benzenamine
4,4'-methylene dianiline
methyl hydrazine
methyl iodide
methyl methansulfonate
N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
4-O-methyl tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
N-(4-methoxy)benzoyloxypiperadine
N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
metronidazole
mezerein
michler's ketone
mineral oils
mirex
mitomycin C
mustard gas
alpha-naphthylamine
beta-naphthylamine
nickel carbonyl
nickel and certain nickel compounds
nickel sulfide roasting, fume and dust
nitrilotreacetic acid
5-nitro-o-anisidine
N-(4-nitro)benzoyloxypiperadine
4-nitrobiphenyl
nitrofen
nitrogen mustard
2-nitropropane
4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide
N-nitrosodimethylamine
N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine
N-nitrosodiethanolamine
N-nitrosodiethylamine
N-nitrosodimethylamine
p-nitrosodiphenylamine
N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
N-nitroso-n-ethylurea
N-nitroso-n-methylurea
N-nitrosomethylvinylamine
N-nitrosomorpholine
N-nitrosonornicotine
N-nitrosopiperidine
N-nitrosopyrrolidine
N-nitrososarcosine
norethisterone
oxymetholone
pentachloronitrobenzene
phenactin
phenazopyridine
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenolic compounds (certain ones)
phenoxyacetic acid herbicides
N-phenyl-beta-naphthylamine
phenylhydrazine
phenytoin
phorbol-12,13-dibenzoate
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate
polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)
polychlorinated biphenyls (PBC)
procarbazine
procarbazine hydrochloride
progesterone
propane sultone
beta-propiolactone
propyleneimine
propylthiouracil
reserpine
12-O-retinoylphorbol-13-acetate
saccharin
safrole
selenium sulfide
sodium lauryl sulfate
soots, tars, and mineral oils
sterigmatocystin
streptozotocin
sulfallate
teleocidin
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
tetrachloroethylene
2,3,4,5-tetrachloronitrobenzene
2,3,4,6-tetrachloronitrabenzene
2,3,5,6-tetrachloronitrobenzene
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
thioactamide
thiourea
thorium dixide
tobacco extracts and condensates
o-tolidine
o-toluidine
o-toluidine hydrochloride
p-toluidine
toxaphene
trenimone
treosulphan
1,1,3-trichloroethane
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
trichroethylene
triethylenemelamine
tris(aziridinyl)-p-benzoquinone
tris(aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate
tryptophane P1
tryptophane P2
Tween 60
uracil mustard
urethane
vinyl bromide
vinyl carbamate
vinyl chloride
vinyl cyclohexene dioxide
vinyl fluoride
vinylidene chloride
vinylidene fluoride monomer
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